Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) primarily act as what type of agent?

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) primarily function as anti-inflammatory agents. Their main mechanism of action is to reduce inflammation in the airways, which is a central feature of conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). By alleviating inflammation, ICS help reduce mucus production, airway edema, and hyperresponsiveness, leading to improved airflow and reduced symptoms for patients.

Inhaled corticosteroids do not directly dilate the airways, so they are not classified as bronchodilators, which are the medications primarily used to relax the muscles around the airways. ICS are also distinct from expectorants, which work by thinning mucus secretions to facilitate clearance from the airways. Additionally, they are not antihistamines, which typically block allergic responses mediated by histamine. Instead, the anti-inflammatory properties of ICS make them a key component in managing chronic respiratory conditions.