Which of the following adverse effects are shared by both LABAs and SABAs?

Both long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) and short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to bronchodilation, which is beneficial in treating conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, this stimulation can also lead to several shared adverse effects, primarily due to their pharmacological action on the cardiovascular and muscular systems.

Tremor, tachycardia, and hypokalemia are commonly associated with the use of both LABAs and SABAs. The mechanism behind these effects is primarily linked to β2-receptor stimulation. Tremors result from β2-receptor stimulation in skeletal muscle, whereas tachycardia ensues due to some degree of β1-receptor activation in the heart as well as increased catecholamine release. Additionally, these medications can cause hypokalemia, as β2-agonists promote the uptake of potassium into cells, lowering serum potassium levels.

Recognizing these shared adverse effects helps clinicians monitor patients effectively while using these medications, ensuring that their therapeutic benefits are balanced with the risk of side effects. In clinical practice, understanding the profiles of LABAs and SABAs, including these adverse effects, is crucial for managing patient