Which of the following are considered second-line smoking cessation medications?

The correct identification of second-line smoking cessation medications includes clonidine and nortriptyline. These medications are typically considered when first-line options, such as nicotine replacement therapies (like gum and patches) or other established medications, are not effective or suitable for the patient.

Clonidine is an antihypertensive medication that can help reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings associated with smoking cessation. Nortriptyline, an antidepressant, has also been found to assist in smoking cessation by affecting neurotransmitter levels that play a role in addiction and mood.

In the context of smoking cessation, it's essential to understand the hierarchy of medication recommendations based on efficacy and established safety profiles. First-line medications, such as nicotine gum and patches or varenicline and bupropion, are preferred due to their robust evidence supporting effectiveness and safety. However, for individuals who do not respond to these treatments, second-line options like clonidine and nortriptyline are valuable alternatives.

Counseling techniques, while crucial for effective cessation, are not classified as pharmacological treatments and thus wouldn't be included in the medications category.